脂批本的楔子和批语揭秘《红楼梦》作者真相

吴称谋

    

    当下红学的研究范围广泛而深邃，喧闹而繁杂，如成书年代，寓意主旨，历史背景，人物原型及原作者等都存在一定的争议。这一切皆缘于《石头记》最初是一部无名氏作品，成书后又长期被列为禁书的缘故。笔者发表了两篇考证《红楼梦》作者的文章后，逐渐引起了海内外人士的关注，开始有同仁与笔者进行商榷。笔者用小说具有的鲜明特点：宗教信仰，文学造诣，批判思想，上层场景，民俗方言，作为考证原作者的五个基本标准进行推理论证，获得了一些红学研究者和爱好者的赞赏和支持。

    可以认为，《红楼梦》作者究竟是谁这桩历史公案，已经成为人们最关注的一个红学研究课题。为了突破已持续百年的考证困境，研究者应该用立体思维和时空景象，全方位模拟小说创作时的历史背景和人物场景，才能清晰地找出真正的作者。这既是对《石头记》作者的著作权的应有尊重，也是对知识产权的有力捍卫。不仅如此，严谨考证是为了追求历史真相，客观分析更是为了维护原创正义。

    当下自媒体时代，红学领域乱象丛生，奇谈怪论充彻网络。有些人为了蹭热度或搏眼球，推销胡编乱造的书，提高小视频的点击率，故意搅混水掺沙子。例如，有人胡诌《石头记》原作者可能是满清的皇子皇孙。试问，那些生活在北京皇城根下，或许一辈子从未到过江南的北方人，怎么可能写得出满纸江南韵味的《石头记》？乾隆皇帝算是一个聪明绝顶的满人，据说他一生写了五万首诗词，似乎没有一首流传至今的佳作。在清初，对于刚刚入主中原的满人来说，汉语是他们的第一外语，极少数满人能勉强看懂汉文就已经很不错了。何谈能写出中国文学史上的巅峰之作呢？

Chenmou Wu: A Letter from President Joe Biden

 

A letter from  President Joe Biden to Chenmou Wu

信件中文翻译：

华盛顿白宫

2022年11月9日

致特拉华州贝尔市  吴称谋 先生 

亲爱的吴先生：

        感谢你给我写信，关于美国的外交政策。

        当今世界所面临的挑战，表明各族裔是如此的紧密相连，所有人的命运是那么的休戚与共。美国不能在世界舞台上缺席，因为从饥荒、气候变化到战争及流行病等共同问题，没有哪个国家可以单独解决。

         美国的政治和经济领导地位，将始终植根于其至上的价值观：捍卫民主、促进自由、提供机会，保障人权，尊重法治，并以尊严待人。

        本届政府已经将与盟友和伙伴密切合作、保护自由、主权以及共同未来，恢复到了美国外交政策的中心地位。美国政府将继续声援乌克兰，让俄罗斯付出代价，并促进对乌克兰人民犯下的暴行和战争罪行进行问责。

        我们正在领导一项全球粮食安全和饥饿的努力。我们正在以冒险的气候协议（的减排计划）来提供历史性的投资，并向全球做出承诺来扭转气候破坏的趋势。

        虽然美国将以外交手段为主导，但我将毫不犹豫地捍卫我们的人民、至上的价值观以及切身的利益，包括在必要时使用武力。我们将始终与世界各地的朋友，以及那些致力于建立国际和平坚实基础的人们站在一起。

        在努力面对当今时代的挑战时，你的建议将会用于我的决策。愿上帝保佑美国，愿上帝保护我们的军队、外交官，以及所有在危险中服务的人。

        真诚的，

        乔 · 拜登

Attached is the excerpt from Wu's letter: 

Dear President Biden：                                               

October 10, 2022

 

I am Chenmou Wu, an independent Chinese scholar, and a sworn-in U.S. citizen recently. The United States opened a door of freedom for me to come here as a visiting scholar to do academic exchanges on East Asian cultures at a famous University in 2011. Now, I live in the New Castle county of Delaware, which is your home state.  

.......

President Biden, you have dedicated your life to the American people since you became a senator at Delaware state in 1973. Until today, the door of your sincere service has always been open for different races; moreover, it is wider, more accessible, and unobstructed than before. There are many touching stories circulating in various communities about your great jobs. For example, a 70-year-old Chinese neighbor said that many years ago his mother-in-law encountered a bit of trouble getting a visa to visit him. In desperation, he wrote a letter to you for help. Through your compassionate assistance, they finally had a reunion. I heard this story at his home in Newark when you won the presidential election in 2020. As a resident of Delaware, I am honored and proud of you as the 46th President of the United States.  

It is indisputable that the United States and China are the most important bilateral relationship in the world. On September 21, 2022, you slammed Putin’s invasion of Ukraine in a speech to the United Nations. Democratic countries should unite to prevent this tragedy from happening. Peace-loving people around the world, as well as many Chinese people, agree and appreciate your attitude. As a Chinese person, I would like to express my great gratitude to you and to the White House Office. Many Chinese people sincerely believe your words will never fall short anytime. 

.......

Dear President Biden, once you shared a very philosophical quote at a family ceremony: “Courage is the most important virtue because none of the rest of the virtues will matter without courage.” Your mother once educated you with these words in your early years, and it was posted by my friend in an essay who met you in 2020. 

I believe this phrase must have successfully affected your life. On October 4 of The Hill News, “The president has said this himself: He intends to run in 2024,” said White House press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre. As I read this exciting news, I suppose your courage in facing new challenges should come from your mother. Putin's defeat in the Russo-Ukrainian war just proves that you have very rich, mature political experience and wisdom. I believe you will continue to make new glorious history and I will support you.

Courage also determines the boundaries of spirituality. Just because I am Chinese, I hope my compatriots will be free and happy in the future. In addition, as a global citizen, anyone should have spirituality, and let this world have peace, love, and happiness.

           ......

God bless the USA!

Respectfully yours, 

 

Chenmou Wu

Chenmou Wu: The Heart of Gratitude

 

<The Heart of Gratitude >

11/24/2022 

More than one decade,

 I have been living freely in North America.

When every Thanksgiving Day comes,

I always have a lot of feelings

For how to show my gratitude.

 

Vicissitudes of life,

Leaves a lot of marks on my face.

With the help of my family, relatives

And the blessings of friends,

Everything is worthy of thanks.

 

Fate is so changeable and so elusive,

Even difficult to grasp.

Once a fantastic fate may become past

Then new encounters often arrive unexpectedly.

 

In this world,

There are two kinds of destiny

That is unchanging and indisputable.

They are,

The parents who gave us bodies,

And the God who gives us spirit.

 

Be grateful,

Not be indiscriminate or obscene.

Our parents should get it.

Only Almighty God is most worthy to bear it.

 

 

《红楼梦》作者新考证

 

红楼梦原作者吴梅村

       自清康熙年间，小说《风月宝鉴》书稿就已经在民间秘密传抄。乾隆十九（1754）年成书的甲戌本《红楼梦》详细记载了小说的缘起和成书过程。小说书稿最初由经空空道人抄录，后改《石头记》为《情僧录》，至吴玉峰题名《红楼梦》，再经孔梅溪题为《风月宝鉴》，后经曹雪芹（1715年～1763年）批阅增删之后，曹雪芹题曰《金陵十二钗》，至脂砚斋甲戌（1754）年抄阅评注，小说书名仍用《石头记》。

        乾隆后期，经程伟元（约1745年～1818年）和高鹗（1758年～1815年）二人搜集、整理、编修、活字排印，最终正式以《红楼梦》书名出版问世。正如小说第一百二十回中空空道人所言“不但作者不知，抄者不知，并阅者也不知”，致使《石头记》原作者究竟是谁，自传抄至今，竟然成了一桩扑朔迷离的历史文化公案。

        从清末帝制社会告终， 民国共和肇造开始，皇权专制造成的文字狱现象终于走进了历史。在上世纪初，小说《红楼梦》的出版发行进入了一个前所未有的繁荣阶段。与此同时，文学界对《红楼梦》的研究和原作者的考证逐渐成为了热门显学。愈百年以来，几代红学专家学者和《红楼梦》爱好者们，对于《红楼梦》原作者究竟是谁，存在不少盲人摸象式的认知，故而众说纷纭，争论不休，莫衷一是。据统计，《红楼梦》原作者的可能人选竟达几十人之多，当然很多疑似作者根本经不起推敲，自然不必当真了。那些参与其中的人们，有严谨考证者，有凑热闹者，有起哄者，有张冠李戴者。这种文化乱象既是明清时期的文字狱造成的，也是当下世风浮躁的一种必然结果。

        如今人们对《红楼梦》原作者的研究，形成了几大派系，比如自传派，想象派，编修派等。近年比较活跃的有如皋红学，如果将其划分归类，应当属于想象派了。自传派和想象派都经不起推敲，证据旁征博引，结论难免牵强，甚至有些荒诞。编修派虽然论证了曹雪芹只是编修者，但依旧没有论证出谁是真正的原作者。笔者此前发表的《吴梅村是<红楼梦>原作者考辨》一文中已经做出一些分析和论证。其中也有明显错误之处，此时予以纠正：比如，脂砚斋批的甲戌本应该是出自曹雪芹之手，《石头记》底稿究竟多少回尚不清楚。

        为了厘清史实，正本清源，红学研究者必须运用时空一体的视角，既要尊重史学研究的考证，又要符合文学创作的规律，还要把握小说内容的特点，才能临摹并还原作者的人生轨迹，生活空间，人物面貌，才能去伪存真找出隐藏的原作者。正如《红楼梦》第九十回说道：“心痛还得心药医，解铃还需系铃人”。如今，要推演出真正的原作者，还得分析小说内容，文字风格，艺术造诣等特点去寻找答案，有道是“原作必定藏玄机，考证还得书中推。”

        宋朝苏轼在《答张文潜书》写道：“其为人深不愿人知之，其文如其为人。”简而言之，苏轼的识人之法是：文如其人，人如其文。这完全可以用来推论《红楼梦》的原作者究竟是谁。笔者认为《红楼梦》的内容具有五大基本特点：宗教信仰，文学造诣，批判思想，上层场景，民俗方言等。如果以小说的五大特点作为找寻原作者的五大标准进行推演，再运用排除法逐一将可能会是原作者的候选人进行考评统计。如此一来，原作者的真面目自然就逐渐清晰了。

Women hit the political glass ceiling at China’s Communist Party Congress

         Sun Chunlan, China’s “Iron Lady” and the only woman in the ruling party’s Politburo, is due to step down from her post at the 20th Communist Party Congress this week. There’s no guarantee that another woman will succeed her, providing yet another example of the systemic under-representation of Chinese women in leadership positions, which can have very real consequences for the world’s most populous nation.

Sun Chunlan is a special case in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) galaxy: She is the only woman in the Politburo, the Beijing regime’s powerful executive body. But it’s not for long. Sun is expected to step down from her post during the 20th Chinese Communist Party Congress, the weeklong, twice-a-decade meeting, which began on Sunday, October 16. At 72, China’s “Iron Lady” is past the usual retirement age of 68.

The nerve center of Chinese power could therefore be composed solely of men, aggravating a chronic problem of gender underrepresentation in the nation’s halls of power.

Since 2017, Sun has embodied the CCP’s image of a party unafraid to promote women to top positions. She holds the prestigious title of vice premier, one of only four in the 25-member Politburo.

Women hold up half the sky’, but men rule

Sun’s “Iron Lady” moniker has been reinforced over the past two years, since President Xi Jinping appointed her as the country’s top official overseeing China’s Covid-19 pandemic response.

She has been the enforcer of Xi’s "zero-Covid" policy – proof, if proof were needed, that the country’s only female vice premier enjoys the president’s complete confidence to manage one of the most serious health crises confronting the Chinese leader since he came to power in 2012.

But managing the controversial public health policy is not exactly a political gift. Some China experts believe Xi found in Sun an easy “zero-Covid” scapegoat to be sacrificed if his management of the pandemic becomes too contentious. The health dossier has also traditionally been entrusted to women in Communist China; one of Sun’s Politburo predecessors was Wu Yi, who had to deal with the 2003 SARS epidemic.

Nevertheless, Sun’s departure will leave a void in the party’s upper echelons. There are other female candidates for the coveted Politburo post, including Shen Yiqin, the only woman to serve as party general secretary of an entire province, Guizhou, in southern China. Shen also hails from the Bai ethnic minority, “which – cynically speaking – means she simultaneously checks the woman box and the ethnic minority box”, noted the China Project website.

But "nothing obliges the CCP to replace Sun Chunlan with another woman", explained Valarie Tan from the Berlin-based Mercator Institute for China Studies (Merics). The likely absence of women in the next Politburo, to be unveiled during the 20th Chinese Communist Party Congress, would not be surprising since Sun's position represents the exception to the rule.

In theory, Communist China claims to be one of the most egalitarian regimes in the world. Schoolchildren across the country are familiar with founding father Mao Zedong’s famous "women hold up half the sky" quote reinforcing constitutional equal rights. "From the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the CCP has placed equality between women and men as one of the characteristics that distinguish the Communist state from the 'old China'," explained Cheng Li, from the Washington-based Brookings Institution, in a report on female representation in Chinese politics.

A very patriarchal party

But the reality is quite different for a country with around 703 million women, constituting 48.7 percent of the total population.

Since 1949, there have been only six women in the CCP Politburo. Three of them were the wives of the founders of Communist China. Among the more than 300 members of the Central Committee – who elect Politburo members and endorse their decisions – there are barely 30 women. In short, only "eight percent of the party's leadership positions have been given to women", noted Tan.

The Politburo – of which Sun is a member – in turn selects the all-powerful Politburo Standing Committee. The current Standing Committee has seven members, none of them women.

This underrepresentation is not due to a lack of Chinese women choosing political careers. Between January 2020 and June 2021, for instance, nearly half of new party members were women.

The 20th Congress could have been the occasion to spearhead the fight against the political glass ceiling since the meeting provides an occasion for a major renewal of the party’s upper echelons. But the chances of significant change in female representation are slim.

For starters, the reasons for male domination in top political positions have not been questioned. The party's executive positions are often reserved for “leaders who had held managerial roles at state-owned enterprises, ministries and regional governments, positions for which women were often bypassed”, noted Minglu Chen, from the University of Sydney’s China Studies Centre, in the South China Morning Post.

Secondly, promotion within the CCP is “entirely based on factional ties rather than individual merits”, Bo Zhiyue, an expert in Chinese elite politics based in New Zealand, told the South China Morning Post. “This has created a very helpless situation because it’s a selection, not an election,” he added.

To rise to the top of the political ladder, aspirants need the right support, and women often have less direct access to those few party figures who can promote their protégés.

Xi is also no champion of women in politics. He embodies "the CCP's very patriarchal approach to society", argues Tan. The end of the one-child policy in 2021 was an opportunity for the Chinese president to insist on the importance of "traditional family values". He has even initiated a campaign to exalt "the unique physical and mental traits [of women] for giving birth and caring for newborns". In other words, the Chinese leader would rather see women at home than in the office.

This lack of women in leadership has important economic and social consequences, noted Tan. "One of the root causes of the current demographic crisis in China is the underrepresentation of women in important positions," she explained. "The problems of almost half the population are not, or barely, represented in the CCP."

And so, the incentive to have children is essentially "money distributed to families, without taking into account the deeper reasons why Chinese women do not want to have more children", explained Tan.

Chinese authorities are also not severe enough when it comes to tackling domestic abuse and violence against women in general, noted Tan. The impunity that some powerful men involved in sexual assault scandals seem to enjoy – such as former vice premier Zhang Gaoli, who is accused of rape by tennis player Peng Shuai – reinforces a “climate that does not make women want to have children", said Tan.

Communist party honchos who have been setting priorities in recent years to encourage people to have more children "could have benefitted from conversations with women on the Standing Committee", noted the China Project, referring to the tiny group of Politburo Standing Committee members selected by the 25-member Politburo. “Too bad there weren’t any.”

This article is a translation from the original in French.

Susan Shirk：Xi Jinping Has Fallen Into the Dictator Trap

     

The Dictator Trap of Xi Jinping

President Xi Jinping’s first decade in power has been a study in hubris. He has purged political rivals and adopted heavy-handed policies that have imperiled China’s economy. He laid the groundwork for a crackdown in the Xinjiang region that drove Muslim citizens into thought reform camps and has alarmed and alienated neighbors with an aggressive foreign policy.

And things just might get worse.

The Chinese Communist Party congress, which opens on Sunday, is expected to hand Mr. Xi another five years as general secretary of the party. Rather than a reassuring sign of continuity, his third term as the top leader of China could spell years of uncertainty as problems mount around an unbound leader who has shown little inclination to share decision-making.

Mr. Xi fell into the same trap that has ensnared dictators throughout history: He overreached. He has concentrated more power in his hands than any Chinese leader since Mao Zedong, looming so completely over the country that he’s been called the “chairman of everything.”

Rivals — real and imagined — have been removed through an extensive anti-corruption campaign. Two more top former officials were jailed last month, accused of financial crimes and disloyalty to Mr. Xi. Mr. Xi has openly accused other politicians of plotting against the party from the outset of his purge ten years ago. He values fealty to himself as more important than competence, and subordinates compete to prove their loyalty by carrying out his policies to the extreme rather than raising harsh truths about negative consequences.

This is precisely the sort of situation that Deng Xiaoping and other former Communist Party leaders had set out to prevent with changes introduced decades ago.

The over-concentration of power in Mao’s hands led to decisions such as his misguided Great Leap Forward, a campaign to greatly increase agrarian and industrial output in the late 1950s that led instead to a devastating famine, and the chaotic political violence of the 1966-76 Cultural Revolution.

After Mao’s death in 1976, Mr. Deng made leadership competition more predictable by introducing term limits and retirement ages for leading posts in the government and military and giving party institutions more authority. A pattern of decade-long reigns set in. But Mr. Deng refused to give China’s legislature and courts authority over the party. Party institutions — their members all appointed by senior leaders — proved to be pushovers for Mr. Xi. No visible resistance was raised when he engineered the abolition of presidential term limits in 2018, which could allow Mr. Xi, who is 69, to stay in power until he dies or is deposed in a power struggle.

The costs of his overreach are piling up.

Mr. Xi, who favors a state-led, centrally controlled economy, began an abrupt crackdown on major Chinese internet companies last year, part of a plan to redistribute wealth and rein in the private sector. That has been put on the back burner for now, but not before it wiped billions of dollars from the valuations of innovative companies and cast a pall over entrepreneurship, exacerbating an extended Chinese economic slowdown.

And while the rest of the world has learned to live with the pandemic, Mr. Xi has stubbornly refused to loosen his zero-tolerance approach. Officials nationwide are overzealously imposing mass lockdowns and surveillance in a bandwagon dynamic that has echoes of the Great Leap Forward, when officials over-complied with Mao’s damaging directives.

The Covid policy has angered citizens and saddled local governments with the huge costs of constant testing and quarantining. Private companies stricken by the disruption and regulatory crackdowns are laying off employees, and college graduates are struggling to find jobs. For the first time in years, unemployment has become a serious political risk for the party, and a tanking Chinese real estate market threatens to pull down the entire economy.

On foreign policy, Mr. Xi abandoned decades of Chinese restraint in favor of a muscular approach designed to restore China’s historical status as a leading power but which is harming its standing in the world.

China has militarized disputed islets in the South China Sea, threatened military action against Taiwan, picked a border fight with India and cut off many imports from Australia after that country’s government called for an international investigation into the origins of the pandemic. Mr. Xi destroyed Hong Kong’s autonomy and has deepened China’s isolation from Europe and the United States by aligning with President Vladimir Putin of Russia just before Mr. Putin launched his brutal invasion of Ukraine.

Countries that could have been Beijing’s valued partners have joined ranks against China in coalitions like the Quad, which groups together the United States, Japan, Australia and India. The United States and some European countries, whose trade and investment inflows were crucial to China’s re-emergence as an economic power, are now apparently less willing to do business. As Germany’s economy minister, Robert Habeck, said of Chinese protectionism and pressure to ignore its human rights abuses, his country would no longer “allow ourselves to be blackmailed.”

The greatest risk now facing China and the world is that the consequences of Mr. Xi’s misrule could lead to a point where he feels compelled to provoke a foreign conflict to divert domestic public attention. Mr. Xi’s continued reluctance to share power also could increase the risk of an internecine split in his third term. The level of dissent within the secretive Communist Party is difficult to gauge, but possible signs of frustration have emerged.

It’s anyone’s guess how much longer Mr. Xi’s rule will last, but there appears no end in sight. The party normally selects a successor five years in advance to groom and introduce him to the Chinese public. But everyone is in the shadow cast by Mr. Xi, who has so far given no hint who his eventual successor might be.

Next week’s congress will be closely watched for clues that other leaders might be allowed to take on more power and responsibility. But that seems unlikely. Mr. Xi is almost certain to stay in character, packing the top leadership with his loyalists. And the more concentrated his power, the greater the hazards for China and the world.

The post Xi Jinping Has Fallen Into the Dictator Trap appeared first on New York Times.

《月明世暗 ——- 错爱的民族主义》

                                吳稱謀 ----- 2022清秋

2022 mid-autumn festival

民族主义似一碗迷魂汤，

诱导弱者把自己幻想成强者，

令奴才错把自己当作主人。

民族主义是一种润滑剂，

奇妙缓解统治者和民众的矛盾，

同时稀释民众对权贵阶层的仇恨。

民族主义如一块遮羞布，

用来掩盖政府的失职和无能，

转移民众对执政不公的注意力。

民族主义生一颗虚荣心，

屁民被统治者利用却无比荣耀，

从被剥削和管控中生幸福感。

民族主义出一阵错乱感，

容易混淆国、政府、统治者的概念，

认为爱国比爱人更为高尚。

民族主义乃一副健忘药，

能轻易颠覆认知和扭曲历史真相，

甚至认贼作父揭了伤疤忘了痛。

栗戰書的策應論調

《十月一日思問录》

       

梁家河毫无精神

       1969年，一個16歲的懵懂少年和其他14個孩子，上山下鄉來到黃土高坡，一個只有四十戶農家，连小学都没有的偏僻山村——— 梁家河。       

       2012年，曾經荒廢七年青春歲月的少年，36年後，搖身一變成了主宰14億人的大國党魁。一時間，梁家河精神，梁家河文化，梁家河特產，梁家河紅色之旅，風靡全國各地⋯⋯

         什麼是「梁家河精神」？人們不禁要問，全國民眾研究梁家河精神，學習梁家河文化，購買梁家河特產，把梁家河的小米吃進肚裡，梁家河的水喝進嘴裡，梁家河的黃土吸進肺里，中國將會有什麼樣的結果？

       遙想文革期間，韶山，井岡山，延安…… 凡是某偽人生活過的地方都變成了革命聖地。因為全國上下盲目崇拜，造成神州內外愚昧貧窮。如今，歷史又在重演，劇情幾乎雷同，膜拜的民眾和崇拜的主角也讀驚人的相似。

       近幾年間，無數的盲流像蒼蠅聞臭似的奔赴梁家河。那些愚人要學習什麼？打算把自己的孩子送到梁家河體驗憶苦思甜的生活嗎？還是準備自己在黃土窯洞里度過七年飢寒交迫的歲月？

       窮山惡水之地的梁家河，能給中國提供什麼精神？孕育出什麼文化？

        荷蘭人進行環球航海的時候，明朝人毀了鄭和的海洋艦隊。

        英國人進入工業革命的時候，滿洲人忙宮廷內鬥閉關鎖國。

        西班牙人將西語推向全球化，漢族人將漢語应用錯別字化。

        日本人正在飛速發展經濟時，共產黨人卻在大搞階級鬥爭。

        西方人具有落地生根的精神，東方人固守落葉歸根的理念。

        美國人正在研究两纳米芯片，中國人卻在學習梁家河精神。

       國人应该睜开双眼看世界，別再一副文革時期的傻逼樣，整天沈溺於內鬥，高舉這個旗幟，學習那個精神，堅持某個主義，在自作孽的泥潭里窮折騰，在人肉的醬缸里瞎胡鬧。

      美國沒有偉大領袖，強大到沒有對手。日本沒有先進思想，先進得世界羨慕。瑞典沒有革命聖地，富裕成人間天堂。

         落後不會挨打，

         如科威特，芬兰、瑞典。

         虽然伊拉克彪悍，

         但愚昧驕橫一定會挨打；

         弱國自有外交，

         如乌克兰，中华民国。

         尽管俄羅斯強大，

         違反公義必孤立失败。

        核武無法取勝，

        如普京對烏的核威脅。

        儘管俄擁有核武器，

        喪失良知自作孽必滅亡。

Hero of a fairytale world (2)

Fenglin (Alina) Wu  

Have you ever defeated a dragon before? I bet not. Let me tell you how I bested a dragon!

---- A fifth grader's Diaries

 Day 10

    I woke up, staring at a grand ceiling that was unrecognizable to me. As I looked around, I saw an elf standing in front of me, tall as my principal, Ms. Thomas, with pointy ears that gave it away. I found myself in a stranger's home, with a non-human stranger watching over me. At this point, it wasn't even surprising. I gazed suspiciously into the elf's dark green eyes, almost as if I could pierce its soul. Just kidding! The elf seemed to get nervous, and I finally asked the big questions: Who are you? Where am I? How long did I sleep?

The elf responded by saying that she was an elf nurse, tasked with taking care of me and watching over me. She said it was her duty to be of service to me, calling me a Hero! I was confused because I didn't understand why she was so kind to a stranger, why I was being called a hero, or who had ordered her to nurse me back to health. I asked all my questions, and the elf explained that when I killed an ice dragon, I saved the entire race of elves, millions of living beings. I had no idea that I had saved about a million living beings, and I thought I couldn't be surprised anymore!

        I mean, I don't even deserve the credit; the dragon was handicapped and at a disadvantage. So why am I called a hero? Did they think I was brave? Do they think I'm strong? I tell that to the female elf, but it's like she never heard me. She still called me a hero. I ask for her name, she's all happy, and her name is Esmeralda. Compared to my name, it's more majestic. I tell her my name, Fenglin. She gasps. I'm mentally freaking out inside, wondering what's wrong with my name, but Esmeralda ACTUALLY thinks my name is fantastic, out of the world, the best, literally better than any name in the WORLD. I ask why Esmeralda says that it's the name of a young hero from another world. The story is that they got here because of a wish or dream and appear every century bound to slay a dragon, with strength stronger than any being. I am blessed with a unique foreign look. And.. Their name was Fenglin. That's EXACTLY me. I'm a legend. The elf gets me out of my thought process and gets me back in reality.

        An escort wanted to request me, saying their elders wanted to see me when I was well enough to move. I said I'll be right there after getting myself cleaned up. I wrote what happened on day four and what feels like yesterday. After I took a shower, the escort led me to the room they called a meeting room. The walk was concise and in the same building that I was already in. The doors to the meeting room were so large, fancy, magical, and thick, filled with magic. The primary color was green, and we're located in a forest. This forest is where all the magical creatures live. It's peaceful and keeps out unwanted guests like human poachers or demons. The elders magically appeared before my eyes when I stepped into the large room back to the meeting room. They greeted me with gratitude in their eyes and looked so happy. They told me to sit down on this giant throne. Too much just for a warm welcome. I wondered what it was for. They said this was a meeting room disguised as a throne room! The Hero in the legend was way too modest so the Hero wouldn't accept a palace.

        I am confused as ever, and I ask why I was rewarded with such a big palace? They say that if I didn't kill that dragon, the whole Elven race would cease to exist and that they're the most vital race (except for high-leveled demons and spirits), so they control the forest. And if the ice dragon kills that race, it'll have control over the entire forest and let it be a demon's playground. I was surprised. That nurse only told me a part of why I'm a hero! I didn't know what I did had such a big impact. Then they said something even more surprising. They said that I had control over the whole forest. The whole forest. WITH BILLIONS OF MAGICAL BEINGS. That's asking too much from a kid that's 10, and not even in middle school, or a teenager yet! I can barely control my feelings when I'm sad or angry. And they want ME to protect billions of people? Really? I really want to refuse, but I have no other choice. If I were in their shoes, if the strongest person in the world refused this, I'd chase them down to the ends of the Earth (in this case, the world).

        But these people depend on me. They.. Need me in a way. If I do refuse, I'll regret it so hard my chest will ache, and their confidence will ruin. So, I accept. Where will I sleep? What, in a cave? In a comfy bed, with warm blankets, in a big safe room... heaven. Just heaven right there. I mean, I'll get my own palace! There must be a human kingdom out there, so I'll try to make an alliance if there isn't one, and if there is, I'll go there for visits. That's what I'll do. I told the elders that exactly. They agreed and told me there isn't an alliance. It's that they fear the forest creatures' power. They also said to me that humans are one of the weakest races. Pitiful, I tell the elders that I'm resting now since the meeting wore me out. They told me that I first woke up in my chambers. Chambers as in my bedroom. I didn't really realize how grand and big my room was that I was in since I was busy thinking about other things. After I wrote this, I slept for the rest of the day in my nightgown. I am signing out.

Day 11

        I'm going out on an errand, and I put on some custom royal clothing only after I took my bath. I teleport outside using a device to the front of the palace. This big royal carriage was waiting for me with a veteran driver with it. After all those surprises, I learned how to hide my expressions. No more panicking for me! My goal is to ally with the human kingdom, said to be Stacilla. The kingdom was named after a queen to honor her. I got inside the carriage, and then the carriage was floating, flying to the human kingdom, and we arrived there in about 5 minutes.

        Now that we are there, we're in the capital, the center of the human territory. It's a bit bigger than my palace, and my palace is like half the size of New York.. It seems to me that the human territory is as big as America, and the capital is as significant as a state. Things here are enormous! Mainly because this version of Earth is more than 3x bigger. Back to the alliance, I teleport to the human castle, in the very, very center of their capital, using the same device as before. I meet some guards, and they seem very scared and confused at seeing me.. This isn't an excellent start. In the nicest way possible yet mature, I ask them if they can open the gate and let me inside to meet with their leader. I see that they are curious as to why. I say I'm going to form an alliance with this kingdom. They're now even more confused, and yet they opened the gate. I met with their leader soon after.

        While waiting for the King and Queen, I drink the tea they prepared. It's sweet but not too lovely, warm but not too warm.. Basically perfect! If this is in the human kingdom, I certainly want to purchase this without a problem freely. The meeting room is smaller than the one I was in, yet almost equally beautiful. The King and Queen soon later came into the meeting room, overdressed for the occasion. I mean, I was too, but I thought it was normal for a big kingdom like mine. Anyways, they sit down, and we start negotiating.

        They ask me why I want an alliance with a weak kingdom. I tell them that before I was here, all of a sudden, I was human—a helpless kid. And the strong use their power to protect the weak so that no one may harm you. They believed me since I had the traits of a human and had already suspected I was one. And so they agreed. They asked what I'd get from this or what I wanted/needed. I said that the tea here is delicious, the place is lively, and such a colorful place doesn't fit with a sorrowful look. I also said I wanted to come here without people staring at me with suspicious looks; it's uncomfortable. Then, humans will create false rumors. That's about me. Then the human kingdom, Stacilla, allied with the forest kingdom of mystical beings, now renamed as Easton Forests. The negotiations are done, and it's a success! After all that work, my guards and I returned to Easton, home. I ate dinner alone and prepared for sleep wearing my nightgown. I write all this down then climb onto the bed to sleep. I was signing out.

Day 12

        I wake up in the morning with sunshine on my face early in the day. Being a ruler now and all it's a necessity. I'm also thinking about learning more about this world, mainly my kingdom's history and a few other kingdom's histories. How I write here so they can understand, and how I'm about to communicate with these people. And it seems like the human kingdom uses almost the exact same language; Earth here has English. Just more like cursive-ish. I ask the librarian to teach me history and give me personal lessons. They said they were honored to. I mean, I'd be, too, providing individual lessons to someone who rules a whole continent, basically the whole entirety of all forests. The first thing we talked about was the whole place I led. This forest is split up into territories in different tribes of beings. One city welcomes any being to come and go: Easton's capital, in the very center of everything. Tribes usually don't let strangers in. There's also a reason why Stacilla feared Easton forests, other than being ridiculously powerful.

        It is the reason why I was in the past. They tried to ally with marriage, and it didn't go out very well. The king was greedy and didn't care about the queen. After the first night of their wedding, he became greedy, utterly different from his caring side. Now I'm thinking, and maybe he was possessed by a demon, a greedy one at that. Though the elves at the time thought he was just acting it all out. I ask the librarian if there is a possibility a demon corrupted the king's mind. The librarian said there is no possibility of outsiders involved because of a barrier. Then the pest must've been inside.

        I tell the librarian that the demon was already inside, maybe by already possessing a person inside. The librarian says that the closest and suspicious people at the time were.

1. The priest- second closest, said words that are a chant

2. The mage - looked evil and was greedy

3. Best man - third closest and was looking uneasy

4. Royal baby -closest to the king and eyeing people cautiously

        Now, I know what you're thinking. Why is a baby there? Well, because no one will suspect a baby, right? The librarian also said that there were no magic traces involved. So not the mage. Also, the best man was just scared of big crowds, so not him. The priest also uses magic, so not him. It's.. The baby. The baby doesn't use magic—fewer emotions during the wedding. You already know the rest of the details. It just fits. The baby will never be a suspect, so it's the best person to possess! There was also this rumor going around saying a royal baby was playing in the garden of roses. The baby wanders off to the forest deep, deep in. The baby is lonely, and it wants a friend. It cries. A demon heard its cries and made a deal with the baby; if the demon can freely possess it, it will be its friend for all eternity. The baby agreed. The end. Now, I think that rumor is true, telling us a hint.

        I stop my investigation for now, and I want to know about the other races how to distinguish them. Here it is:

• Demons' sinister aura, mainly black, red, and dark purple, can have any shape can mimic other races, born a magic-user

• Spirits -had no natural physical body, can be in all shapes and sizes, taken a magic user

• Elves - tall, long pointy ears, majestic, hair color is never red or black, born a magic-user

• Half-elves - usually shorter, short pointy ears, hair can be red or black, born a magic-user

• War beasts - a mix of human and animal, but is more animal-like, stronger than most regular animals, tall, broad, muscular

• Demi-humans -a mix of human and animal, but is more human, a usually weaker than war beasts, shorter, less muscular

• Dwarves-the shortest race, best artisans, and usually males have beards Humans - can be temporary or tall, have round ears, no silver hair, and weak.

After the lessons, I'm tired. I wrote what happened today and rushed to sleep.

Day 13

        I wake up groaning, with my face in sunlight, again. I'm back on Earth. In my home, I look around for a book or something, the thing I wrote about what happened in the fairytale world. I found out how it's Friday and time on Earth Froze when I went to the fairytale world. I prepare to go to school, forgetting to lock the door and then running back to close it. Me hoping to go back again once I sleep getting teleported back in that royal room. Now, I'm back to my everyday life, my average school days. Everything is back to normal. I was waiting and waiting to go back, patiently.

The end.

關於克裡米亞事件的來龍去脈

 

克里米亚事件的来龙去脉

                                                                           余宗超

    2014年3月俄羅斯吞併克裡米亞半島 ，是當今俄羅斯發動入侵烏克蘭戰爭的導因，故有必要把克裡米亞半島事件的來龍去脈細說一下 。

    克裡米亞半島位於烏克蘭南部，瀕臨黑海和亞速海，是前蘇聯走向歐洲和世界的海上通道，戰略地位十分重要。克裡米亞相當於黑海的定海神針，控制了克裡米亞就能最大程度的控制黑海。進而通過黑海進入地中海，以至印度洋、大西洋的開放水域 。現今則這是俄、烏兩國的海洋之“窗” ，極具戰略地位與經濟價值。

    歷史上的克裡米亞半島 ，既不是俄羅斯人的，也不是烏克蘭人的，而是金帳汗國屬下蒙古人的一支韃靼人的。韃靼人于1449年建立了一個封建汗國，1480年助莫斯科公國打敗了金帳汗國 ，1480年曾侵佔基輔，1785年才被沙俄征服。但在這個半島上生活的主體民族，一直是韃靼人。那怕在蘇聯時期，克裡米亞劃歸了蘇俄聯邦共和國。這個半島上生活的主體民族，仍然是韃靼人。蘇俄還於1921年10月，在其聯邦內建立了克裡米亞韃靼自治共和國。 

    在二次大戰時期，1944年蘇軍大反攻，將德國納粹軍隊打敗，收復了克裡米亞半島。史達林以“裡通德國”的罪名，將在克島上的原住民韃靼人，整體放逐到了西北利亞。於是，大量俄羅斯族和烏克蘭族遷入其中，俄羅斯族倒成了克裡米亞的主體民族。

    1954年2月，為了紀念俄烏合併300周年 ，團結被視為蘇聯“糧倉”糧倉的烏克蘭 ， 根據赫魯雪夫的提議，蘇聯最高蘇維埃主席團通過決議，將克裡米亞劃歸了烏克蘭。俄烏都是蘇聯的加盟國。這只是蘇聯內部的領土劃分的調整，俄烏之間對這種劃分沒有太大的爭議。

   1991年，隨著蘇聯解體，加盟國相繼脫離蘇聯，獨立的烏克蘭就自然而然地繼承了克裡米亞半島的主權。俄羅斯于心不甘，竟於1992年單方廢除了蘇聯最高蘇維埃1954年的決議，宣稱克裡米亞半島是俄羅斯的領土，烏克蘭則指責俄議會干涉烏克蘭內政，俄烏關係驟然緊張起來 。俄羅斯還竭力挑動半島上占人口優勢的俄羅斯人鬧分裂、獨立。俄烏兩國之間的裂縫越來越大，並逐步走向對立。

其實，在俄羅斯高層內部，對克裡米亞半島的歸屬的看法，並不一致。多數專家和學者認為，討回克裡米亞半島不現實，缺少法律依據。其中的卡列茲卡婭說：“俄羅斯沒有收回克裡米亞的法律依據。克裡米亞是烏克蘭的一部分，不能再向烏克蘭提出領土要求。”一些俄羅斯民眾也認為，克裡米亞自1954年以來的三四十年都是烏克蘭領土。俄政府不會支持討回克裡米亞的建議，更不會覬覦烏領土。

可是，俄杜馬議員，自由民主黨代表庫裡揚諾維奇卻說：應該收回克裡米亞，理由是：“當年赫魯雪夫是在酩酊大醉的情況下將克裡米亞送給烏克蘭的。”很多俄羅斯人竟然也是這樣看的。

不講法理不法理， 不講烏克蘭的現狀不現狀，更不講韃韃靼人的歷史不歷史，只講我想要的並得到了的就是我的。這就是普京的思維模式。於是，普京就在2014年3月，在俄羅斯幾乎已經軍事“佔領”了克裡米亞的背景下，並利用俄羅斯人占多數的優勢舉行了公投。選舉監督的一方大多是親俄派，這與當年外蒙古前後的樣態毫無二致。公投結果 ，不用打開投票箱，就可知道是多數人都贊成克裡米亞半島獨立 ，並加入俄羅斯。

3月27日，聯合國大會以壓倒性的票數，通過了烏克蘭問題決議，認定在克裡米亞自治共和國和塞瓦斯托波爾市舉行的全民公投無效。決議申明了對烏克蘭主權和領土完整的承諾，同時敦促各方通過直接對話和平解決烏克蘭危機。聯合國的裁決是公正的，公道的，為什麼這樣說呢?

   其一、克裡米亞公投違反了烏克蘭憲法， 烏克蘭憲法明確規定涉及烏克蘭領土變更，應該經過所有烏克蘭公民的公投才行，.克裡米亞屬於烏克蘭領土覆蓋的範圍，如果該地區要公投獨立的話，只能在烏克蘭全境進行 ，而不僅僅是在克島一隅。

    其二、克裡米亞公投也違反了國際法，根據聯合國憲章、歐安組織協定等檔案，克裡米亞依然無權自行行使公投權力 ，特別是西方與俄羅斯簽署過一個備忘錄，在烏克蘭公開放棄核武器的前提下，安全由西方與俄羅斯共同保證，各方都不應對烏克蘭的主權和安全帶來威脅。俄羅斯違背了這個備忘錄，並一手策劃了克裡米亞的公投。.

儘管國際上大部分國家對克裡米亞公投不滿，但俄羅斯依然提出了種種理由，為克裡米亞公投辯解。普京拿出了一條他認為最有理由的事例來反駁國際社會，說西方在此前劃策的南斯拉夫的科索沃，就是通過公投而獨立的，克裡米亞的公投是依照前例行事，不應對公投實行兩個標準。普京的辯解顯然是把兩種性質絕然不同的公投混為一談了。當時科索沃發生了嚴重的種族主義大屠殺，科索沃的主體民族阿族面臨強勢的塞族的打擊和屠戮，在這種背景下，西方進行了人道主義干預。阿族已經難以和塞族在一個國家內生活，因而採取了獨立公投，這是一種特例。而在克裡米亞，並不存在烏克蘭人屠殺俄羅斯人的危險情況，因而克裡米亞公投與科索沃公投，不能同日而語。

綜上所述 ，從1449年到1942年這500年間， 在克裡米亞半島生活的主體民族，始終都是韃靼人。如果不是史達林的橫蠻調包——把韃靼人強行放逐到西北利亞，讓俄羅斯人來填補這個風水寶地“真空” ，那現今的韃靼人依然是克島的主體民族 。  由此可見，克裡米亞半島在歷史上決非俄羅斯的土地。.

 從1954年前蘇聯把克裡米亞半島劃歸烏克蘭 ，中經烏克蘭獨立建國至今，克裡米亞半島作為烏克蘭領土的一部分 ，也達到68年了。而且，烏克蘭政府還號召韃靼人回歸故鄉生活，故在現今的克島上生活的韃靼人就有20萬人之多。

 由此可見，不論是在歷史上，還是在法理與現狀上，克裡米亞半島都不是俄羅斯的領土，因而聯合國作出的不承認2014年3月克島的公投，並重申維護烏克蘭的領土與主權的決議，是完全正確的，是符合世界絕大多數國家與世界各國人民的心願的。 

下面我們就把烏克蘭出席聯大的代表德謝茨亞在會上的發言與會後被記者採訪的回答 ，公諸於眾 ，讓全球的公眾來評說克島公投的問題吧。

“經歷了兩個星期的軍事佔領之後，烏克蘭的一部分被某個國家強行吞併了。這個國家曾經承諾，根據《布達佩斯備忘錄》尊重我們國家的獨立、主權與領土完整。這個國家恰好還是安理會的常任理事國，肩負著其他聯合國會員國的重托，對維護國際和平與安全負有首要責任。”

   “我們會為我們的土地鬥爭，我們的立場是，使用和平手段和外交途徑來保衛我們的領土。”

   　“如果到克裡米亞去，看到坦克和人群，看到拿著槍的人們在街上，那麼就是真的軍事行動，這是很危險的發展。”

　　“國際上對烏克蘭有很廣泛的支持，包括歐盟、美國和北約，因此我們相信在共同努力下，將能夠說服俄羅斯不要進入真正的戰爭，而是停下，並且在談判桌上接近所有問題。”

“我們能夠在沒有俄羅斯入侵的情況下解決國內問題，”“我們不需要俄羅斯軍隊來保護說俄語的人，我們有能力和我們講俄語的人民對話，和他們共同和平的生活。”

    “我們準備好在自治的框架內，和克裡米亞人討論他們的需求。如果他們對目前的經濟發展、少數民族權力和當地不滿意，我們準備好擴大他們的自治權。但我們希望和平的解決，以對話的方式解決，而不是用鄰國的軍事威脅來解決。”

上述擲地有聲的話語，不正是中國政府一再發表的和平解決俄烏沖頭的聲明嗎!對聯大對克島公投的否決，中國政府代表是投的棄權票，實際上是贊同了聯大的決議。特別是，對烏東的兩個俄羅斯人建立的共和國 ，中國是不會承認的，而且將來也決不會承認!

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(作者:余宗超。郵箱:xgyzc310@126.com 。電話:18986480772。)

吴称谋：《易经圣解》 第一、乾卦

 

 

易经圣解  乾

乾：元，亨，利，贞。

【白话】《乾卦》象征天，上帝，为天卦。元始，亨通，吉利，贞正。

《彖》曰：大哉乾元、万物资始，乃统天。云行雨施，品物流形。大明终始，六位时成，时乘六龙以御天。乾道变化，各正性命，保合太和，乃利贞。首出庶物，万国咸宁。

【释彖】乾卦为三十二阳卦的首卦，统领天道。乾卦六爻喻示六龙，爻的变化就是龙的演化，爻的位置就是龙的状态。乾卦六爻代表六个天时阶段，比喻六龙护卫天道，御侍上帝。根据“一物一太极”的原理，一个邦国就是一个太极系统。天道创造万物，天地万物各自摆正位置。邦国处于保合太和的和谐状态，则国泰民安，世界和平。

《象》曰：天行健，君子以自强不息。

【释象】天道运行刚健，君子应效法天道，刚健公正，自强不息。

【解读】乾卦为《易经》六十四卦的第一卦。乾即天，天即上帝。易道即天道，也即上帝之道。《乾卦》昭示上帝的公义。上帝的公义分为正直公义与赏罚公义。《乾卦》元、贞，代表正直公义，即公平与贞正；亨，利，代表赏罚公义，即报偿与报应。乾卦揭示一个真理，龙是天道演化的产物，天的护卫，上帝的使者。龙代表阳，象征事物的发展状态。六龙御天，即六龙御侍上帝。

伏羲先天八卦，震卦为乾卦的长子。文王后天八卦，震卦代表东方，震为雷，为龙。《说卦传》中，帝出乎震，齐乎巽，相见乎离，致役乎坤，说言乎兑，战乎乾，劳乎坎，成言乎艮。华夏神州位于北半球欧亚非大陆板块的东端，是每天太阳升起的地方，也是上帝在世间的最初作为之处。因此，华夏民族是天选之人，既是龙的传人，更是上帝的子民。

乾卦阐述人生或事物发展的七个阶段，揭示成功人生的智慧与天则。

诗曰：大哉乾元大易始，龙御上帝乃天使；六龙护卫七境界，群龙无首天德至。

初九，潜龙勿用。

【释爻】初九，龙，尚在潜伏中，需养精蓄锐，暂不能作为。

《象》曰：潜龙勿用，阳在下也。

【释象】龙尚潜伏，养精蓄锐，暂不作为。初爻低位，处于萌发，尚需累积。初九，应清静无为。

【史鉴】周文王被囚尤里城；朱元璋皇觉寺为僧。

九二，见龙在田，利见大人。

【释爻】九二，龙出现在田野中，有利于拜见大人物。

《象》曰："见龙在田"，德施普也。

【释象】龙的出现，代表上帝的恩德普照。喻示有利于获得比九二地位高，能力强的大人物帮助。九二，适可而为。

【史鉴】武则天于感业寺，求见唐高宗李治。

九三，君子终日乾乾，夕惕若，厉无咎。

【释爻】九三，终日自强不息，夜晚也不敢懈怠，严峻而无灾祸。

《象》曰："终日乾乾"，反复道也。

【释象】龙终日勤勉，反复尊奉上帝之道。九三面对艰辛和挑战，磨砺本领，充实力量，则无灾祸。九三，应反复修为。

【史鉴】北周武帝宇文邕文韬武略，清太祖努尔哈赤励精图治。

九四，或跃在渊，无咎。

【释爻】九四，龙，或腾跃于空，或潜沉于渊，均无灾祸。

《象》曰："或跃在渊"，进无咎也。

【释象】龙，或腾跃于空，或潜沉于渊。此时龙的能量具足，能审时度势，且进退自如，故而无灾祸。九四，修身齐家，学业有成，把握时机，对外拓展，逢凶化吉。九四，应有所为，有所不为。

【史鉴】明成祖朱棣，先蛰伏燕京，后靖难夺权；宋太祖赵匡胤，先南征北讨，后陈桥兵变。

九五，飞龙在天，利见大人。

【释爻】九五，龙飞腾于苍穹，利于出现德高势隆的大人物。

《象》曰："飞龙在天"，大人造也。

【释象】时势兼备，龙腾苍穹。上帝的意志得到充分彰显，出现伟大人物将上帝的公义行在世上。九五，大展鸿图，进入人生巅峰时刻。九五，大有作为。

【史鉴】周武王姬发灭纣兴周，汉高祖刘邦亡秦立汉，蒙元忽必烈横扫欧亚。

上九，亢龙有悔。

【释爻】上九，龙升腾高空，必将产生后悔。

《象》曰："亢龙有悔"，盈不可久也。

【释象】龙，居功自傲，忘乎所以，不知进退，物极必反，产生悔恨。上九，反躬自省，有所不为。

【史鉴】商纣王夏桀，荒淫亡国；秦始皇暴政，二世而亡；毛泽东独裁，祸国殃民。

用九，见群龙无首，吉。

【释爻】用九，群龙，御侍上帝，护卫天道，尊奉诫命，谨守本分，是吉祥的。

《象》曰："用九"，天德不可为首也。

【释象】上帝创造万物，大道资养万物。天德为上上之德，是最祥瑞的品德。用九，平等民主协商，不越俎代庖，不独裁寡断。

【史鉴】蒙古帝国的忽里勒台大会；满清早期的八王议政制度；欧美等国的宪政民主制度。

忽里勒台由成吉思汗创立，在蒙古帝国时代是部落联盟的议事会，用于推举首领，决定征战等大事。时至今日，在突厥民族里，忽里勒台指国家议会。

八王议政制度由努尔哈赤建立，是满州贵族参与商议国政的制度，又名议政王大臣会议，形式分廷议和交议。乾隆晚期被取消，议政王大臣会议制度随之消失。

宪政民主制度，完全符合乾卦用九“天德不可为首”的天则。